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Linux select/poll机制原理分析

2020-09-01    
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前言

1. 概述

linux系统在访问设备的时候,存在以下几种IO模型:

  1. Blocking IO Model,阻塞IO模型;
  2. Nonblocking I/O Model,非阻塞IO模型;
  3. I/O Multiplexing Model,IO多路复用模型;
  4. Signal Driven I/O Model,信号驱动IO模型;
  5. Asynchronous I/O Model,异步IO模型;

今天我们来分析下IO多路复用机制,在Linux中是通过select/poll/epoll机制来实现的。

先看一下阻塞IO模型与非阻塞IO模型的特点:

Linux select/poll机制原理分析

 

对单个设备IO操作时,问题并不严重,如果有多个设备呢?比如,在服务器中,监听多个Client的收发处理,这时候IO多路复用就显得尤为重要了,来张图:

Linux select/poll机制原理分析

 

如果这个图,让你有点迷惑,那就像个男人一样,man一下select/poll函数吧:

Linux select/poll机制原理分析

 

Linux select/poll机制原理分析

 

简单来说,select/poll能监听多个设备的文件描述符,只要有任何一个设备满足条件,select/poll就会返回,否则将进行睡眠等待。看起来,select/poll像是一个管家了,统一负责来监听处理了。

已经迫不及待来看看原理了,由于底层的机制大体差不多,我将选择select来做进一步分析。

2. 原理

2.1 select系统调用

从select的系统调用开始:

Linux select/poll机制原理分析

 

所以,来看看__pollwait()函数喽。

2.2 __pollwait

Linux select/poll机制原理分析

 

这一顿操作,其实就是驱动向select维护的struct poll_wqueue中注册,并将调用select的任务添加到驱动的等待队列中,以便在合适的时机进行唤醒。所以,本质上来说,这是基于等待队列的机制来实现的。

是不是还有点抽象,来看看数据结构的组织关系吧。

2.3 数据结构关系

Linux select/poll机制原理分析

 

2.4 驱动编写启示

如果驱动中要支持select的接口调用,那么需要做哪些事情呢?如果理解了上文中的内容,你会毫不犹豫的大声说出以下几条:

  1. 定义一个等待队列头wait_queue_head_t,用于收留等待队列任务;
  2. struct file_operations结构体中的poll函数需要实现,比如xxx_poll();
  3. xxx_poll()函数中,当然不要忘了poll_wait函数的调用了,此外,该函数的返回值mask需要注意是在条件满足时对应的值,比如EPOLLIN/EPOLL/EPOLLERR等,这个返回值是在do_select()函数中会去判断处理的;
  4. 条件满足的时候,wake_up_interruptible唤醒任务,当然也可以使用wake_up,区别是:wake_up_interruptible只能唤醒处于TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE状态的任务,而wake_up能唤醒处于TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE和TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE状态的任务;

2.5 select/poll的差异

3. 示例代码

3.1 内核驱动

示例代码中的逻辑:

  1. 驱动维护一个count值,当count值大于0时,表明条件满足,poll返回正常的mask值;
  2. poll函数每执行一次,count值就减去一次;
  3. count的值可以由用户通过ioctl来进行设置;
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>#include <linux/poll.h>#include <linux/wait.h>#include <linux/cdev.h>#include <linux/mutex.h>#include <linux/slab.h>#include <asm/ioctl.h>#define POLL_DEV_NAME		"poll"
#define POLL_MAGIC		'P'
#define POLL_SET_COUNT      (_IOW(POLL_MAGIC, 0, unsigned int))
struct poll_dev {
	struct cdev cdev;
	struct class *class;
	struct device *device;
	wait_queue_head_t wq_head;	struct mutex poll_mutex;
	unsigned int count;	dev_t devno;};struct poll_dev *g_poll_dev = NULL;
static int poll_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{	filp->private_data = g_poll_dev;	return 0;
}static int poll_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{	return 0;
}static unsigned int poll_poll(struct file *filp, struct poll_table_struct *wait)
{	unsigned int mask = 0;
	struct poll_dev *dev = filp->private_data;
	mutex_lock(&dev->poll_mutex);	poll_wait(filp, &dev->wq_head, wait);	if (dev->count > 0) {
		mask |= POLLIN | POLLRDNORM;		/* decrease each time */
		dev->count--;	}	mutex_unlock(&dev->poll_mutex);	return mask;
}static long poll_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd,
		unsigned long arg){	struct poll_dev *dev = filp->private_data;
	unsigned int cnt;	switch (cmd) {		case POLL_SET_COUNT:			mutex_lock(&dev->poll_mutex);			if (copy_from_user(&cnt, (void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd))) {
				pr_err("copy_from_user fail:%dn", __LINE__);
				return -EFAULT;
			}			if (dev->count == 0) {
				wake_up_interruptible(&dev->wq_head);			}			/* update count */
			dev->count += cnt;			mutex_unlock(&dev->poll_mutex);			break;
		default:			return -EINVAL;
	}	return 0;
}static struct file_operations poll_fops = {
	.owner = THIS_MODULE,	.open = poll_open,	.release = poll_close,	.poll = poll_poll,	.unlocked_ioctl = poll_ioctl,	.compat_ioctl = poll_ioctl,};static int __init poll_init(void)
{	int ret;	if (g_poll_dev == NULL) {
		g_poll_dev = (struct poll_dev *)kzalloc(sizeof(struct poll_dev), GFP_KERNEL);
		if (g_poll_dev == NULL) {
			pr_err("struct poll_dev allocate failn");
			return -1;
		}	}	/* allocate device number */
	ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&g_poll_dev->devno, 0, 1, POLL_DEV_NAME);
	if (ret < 0) {
		pr_err("alloc_chrdev_region fail:%dn", ret);
		goto alloc_chrdev_err;	}	/* set char-device */
	cdev_init(&g_poll_dev->cdev, &poll_fops);	g_poll_dev->cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;	ret = cdev_add(&g_poll_dev->cdev, g_poll_dev->devno, 1);
	if (ret < 0) {
		pr_err("cdev_add fail:%dn", ret);
		goto cdev_add_err;	}	/* create device */
	g_poll_dev->class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, POLL_DEV_NAME);	if (IS_ERR(g_poll_dev->class)) {
		pr_err("class_create failn");
		goto class_create_err;	}	g_poll_dev->device = device_create(g_poll_dev->class, NULL,			g_poll_dev->devno, NULL, POLL_DEV_NAME);	if (IS_ERR(g_poll_dev->device)) {
		pr_err("device_create failn");
		goto device_create_err;	}	mutex_init(&g_poll_dev->poll_mutex);	init_waitqueue_head(&g_poll_dev->wq_head);	return 0;
device_create_err:	class_destroy(g_poll_dev->class);class_create_err:	cdev_del(&g_poll_dev->cdev);cdev_add_err:	unregister_chrdev_region(g_poll_dev->devno, 1);
alloc_chrdev_err:	kfree(g_poll_dev);	g_poll_dev = NULL;	return -1;
}static void __exit poll_exit(void)
{	cdev_del(&g_poll_dev->cdev);	device_destroy(g_poll_dev->class, g_poll_dev->devno);	unregister_chrdev_region(g_poll_dev->devno, 1);
	class_destroy(g_poll_dev->class);	kfree(g_poll_dev);	g_poll_dev = NULL;}module_init(poll_init);module_exit(poll_exit);MODULE_DESCRIPTION("select/poll test");
MODULE_AUTHOR("LoyenWang");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

3.2 测试代码

测试代码逻辑:

  1. 创建一个设值线程,用于每隔2秒来设置一次count值;
  2. 主线程调用select函数监听,当设值线程设置了count值后,select便会返回;
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>#include <pthread.h>#include <errno.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <sys/ioctl.h>#include <sys/stat.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/time.h>static void *set_count_thread(void *arg){	int fd = *(int *)arg;
	unsigned int count_value = 1;
	int loop_cnt = 20;
	int ret;
	while (loop_cnt--) {		ret = ioctl(fd, NOTIFY_SET_COUNT, &count_value);		if (ret < 0) {
			printf("ioctl set count value fail:%sn", strerror(errno));
			return NULL;
		}		sleep(1);
	}	return NULL;
}int main(void)
{	int fd;
	int ret;
	pthread_t setcnt_tid;	int loop_cnt = 20;
	/* for select use */
	fd_set rfds;	struct timeval tv;
	fd = open("/dev/poll", O_RDWR);
	if (fd < 0) {
		printf("/dev/poll open failed: %sn", strerror(errno));
		return -1;
	}	/* wait up to five seconds */
	tv.tv_sec = 5;
	tv.tv_usec = 0;
	ret = pthread_create(&setcnt_tid, NULL,			set_count_thread, &fd);	if (ret < 0) {
		printf("set_count_thread create fail: %dn", ret);
		return -1;
	}	while (loop_cnt--) {		FD_ZERO(&rfds);		FD_SET(fd, &rfds);		ret = select(fd + 1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
		//ret = select(fd + 1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, NULL);
		if (ret == -1) {
			perror("select()");
			break;
		}
		else if (ret)
			printf("Data is available now.n");
		else {
			printf("No data within five seconds.n");
		}
	}
	ret = pthread_join(setcnt_tid, NULL);
	if (ret < 0) {
		printf("set_count_thread join fail.n");
		return -1;
	}
	close(fd);
	return 0;
}
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