Vagrant 搭建虚拟机环境

用 Vagrant 和 VirtualBox 来快速搭建一个开发环境是非常方便的。简单整理一下 Vagrant 搭建 VirtualBox 虚拟机的记录。

首先安装 Vagrant 和 VirtualBox，这一步就直接省略了。自行安装即可。

什么是 Vagrant，我们这里引用 OSChina 上面的一段话来进行解释：

Vagrant 是一个基于 Ruby 的工具，用于创建和部署虚拟化开发环境。它使用 Oracle 的开源 VirtualBox 虚拟化系统，使用 Chef 创建自动化虚拟环境。功能特性：支持快速新建虚拟机 支持快速设置端口转发 支持自定义镜像打包（原始镜像方式、增量补丁方式） 基本上日常能用到的基础配置都能快速设置 支持开机启动自动运行命令 可以自己写扩展

https://www.oschina.NET/p/vagrant?hmsr=aladdin1e1

1.创建一个没有中文路径的目录，我这里创建的路径是

e:vagrantmall-node

2.启动virtual box

3.vagrant的仓库

https://App.vagrantup.com/boxes/search

4.执行vagrant init命令

在新建的目录下执行 vagrant init 命令

PS E:vagrantmall-node> vagrant init centos/7
A `Vagrantfile` has been placed in this directory. You are now
ready to `vagrant up` your first virtual environment! Please read
the comments in the Vagrantfile as well as documentation on
`vagrantup.com` for more information on using Vagrant.

执行完命令后，在 e:vagrantmall-node 下建立了一个 Vagrantfile 文件

5.在 Vagrantfile 文件所在的目录下执行 vagrant up 命令

PS E:vagrantmall-node> vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Importing base box 'centos/7'...
==> default: Matching MAC address for NAT networking...
==> default: Setting the name of the VM: mall-node_default_1668852218722_77593
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
    default: Adapter 1: nat
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    default: SSH username: vagrant
    default: SSH auth method: private key
    default:
    default: Vagrant insecure key detected. Vagrant will automatically replace
    default: this with a newly generated keypair for better security.
    default:
    default: Inserting generated public key within guest...
    default: Removing insecure key from the guest if it's present...
    default: Key inserted! Disconnecting and reconnecting using new SSH key...
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...
    default: No guest additions were detected on the base box for this VM! Guest
    default: additions are required for forwarded ports, shared folders, host only
    default: networking, and more. If SSH fails on this machine, please install
    default: the guest additions and repackage the box to continue.
    default:
    default: This is not an error message; everything may continue to work properly,
    default: in which case you may ignore this message.
==> default: Rsyncing folder: /cygdrive/e/vagrant/mall-node/ => /vagrant

执行完成后，查看 virtual box 多了一台虚拟机

6.执行 vagrant ssh 访问虚拟机中的 CentOS

PS E:vagrantmall-node> vagrant ssh
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ ll
total 0
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ pwd
/home/vagrant

7.查看虚拟机的网卡

[vagrant@localhost ~]$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:4d:77:d3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.2.15/24 brd 10.0.2.255 scope global noprefixroute dynamic eth0
       valid_lft 69311sec preferred_lft 69311sec
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe4d:77d3/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

lo是回环地址，eth0是虚拟机的IP地址，IP地址是10.0.2.15

8.修改ip地址

打开Vagrantfile文件，搜索“private_network”，可以找到config.vm.network配置项。可以看到里面有个IP地址。我们查看一下我们本机的IP地址，命令如下：

ipconfig

可以看到virtual box虚拟网卡的ip地址如下：

以太网适配器 VirtualBox Host-Only Network #2:


   连接特定的 DNS 后缀 . . . . . . . :
   本地链接 IPv6 地址. . . . . . . . : fe80::d55e:2249:a3ec:9d26%3
   IPv4 地址 . . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.56.1
   子网掩码  . . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0

可以看到该IP地址为192.168.56.1，我们将对应的Vagrantfile的ip地址修改192.168.56.101，其实只要在一个网段就可以，我这里使用了100。

修改以后，将其保存。然后关闭虚拟机，启动虚拟机，连接虚拟机，查看它的IP地址。一顿操作命令如下：

[vagrant@localhost ~]$ poweroff
==== AUTHENTICATING FOR org.freedesktop.login1.power-off ===
Authentication is required for powering off the system.
Authenticating as: root
==== AUTHENTICATION COMPLETE ===
Connection to 127.0.0.1 closed by remote host.
Connection to 127.0.0.1 closed.
PS E:vagrantmall-node> vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Clearing any previously set forwarded ports...
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
    default: Adapter 1: nat
    default: Adapter 2: hostonly
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    default: SSH username: vagrant
    default: SSH auth method: private key
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...
    default: No guest additions were detected on the base box for this VM! Guest
    default: additions are required for forwarded ports, shared folders, host only
    default: networking, and more. If SSH fails on this machine, please install
    default: the guest additions and repackage the box to continue.
    default:
    default: This is not an error message; everything may continue to work properly,
    default: in which case you may ignore this message.
==> default: Configuring and enabling network interfaces...
==> default: Rsyncing folder: /cygdrive/e/vagrant/mall-node/ => /vagrant
==> default: Machine already provisioned. Run `vagrant provision` or use the `--provision`
==> default: flag to force provisioning. Provisioners marked to run always will still run.
PS E:vagrantmall-node> vagrant ssh
Last login: Sun Nov 20 01:45:46 2022 from 10.0.2.2
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:4d:77:d3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.2.15/24 brd 10.0.2.255 scope global noprefixroute dynamic eth0
       valid_lft 86384sec preferred_lft 86384sec
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe4d:77d3/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:10:a9:1d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.56.101/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global noprefixroute eth1
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe10:a91d/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

可以看到，在虚拟机中又添加了一块虚拟网卡，并且IP地址是192.168.56.101。

9.使用 finalshell 连接

打开 finalshell，然后建立 SSH 连接，编辑相关的登录信息，如下图

注意这里选择公钥登录，用户名填写 vagrant，私钥的文件在 E:vagrantmall-node.vagrantmachinesdefaultvirtualbox 目录下的 private_key 中，大家把路径替换成自己的路径即可。配置好以后进行连接就可以了。

注意：

如果在执行 vagrant init 后，执行 vagrant up 无法启动虚拟机的话，可以在 Vagrant 仓库中下载 centos/7 文件。如下图：

下载后通过 add 命令添加即可，命令如下：

vagrant init
vagrant box add centos/7 .box文件路径
vagrant up
vagrant ssh