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Java 类加载机制详解

2023-10-25  京东云开发者  
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一。类加载器及双亲委派机制

 

Java 类加载机制详解

Java 类加载机制详解

1. 类加载器继承结构

Java 类加载机制详解

Java 类加载机制详解

2. 类加载器的核心方法

Java 类加载机制详解

3. Launcher 类源码解析

public class Launcher {

private static URLStreamHandlerFactory factory = new Factory();

private static Launcher launcher = new Launcher();

// 启动类加载器加载路径

private static String bootClassPath =

System.getProperty("sun.boot.class.path");

public static Launcher getLauncher() {

return launcher;

}

private ClassLoader loader;

public Launcher() {

// Create the extension class loader

ClassLoader extcl;

try {

// 获取扩展类加载器

extcl = ExtClassLoader.getExtClassLoader();

} catch (IOException e) {

throw new InternalError(

"Could not create extension class loader", e);

}

// Now create the class loader to use to launch the Application

try {

// 获取应用类加载器

loader = AppClassLoader.getAppClassLoader(extcl);

} catch (IOException e) {

throw new InternalError(

"Could not create application class loader", e);

}

// Also set the context class loader for the primordial thread.

// 设置线程上下文类加载器为应用类加载器

Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(loader);

}

/*

* The class loader used for loading installed extensions.

*/

static class ExtClassLoader extends URLClassLoader {

private static volatile ExtClassLoader instance = null;

/**

* create an ExtClassLoader. The ExtClassLoader is created

* within a context that limits which files it can read

*/

public static ExtClassLoader getExtClassLoader() throws IOException

{

if (instance == null) {

synchronized(ExtClassLoader.class) {

if (instance == null) {

instance = createExtClassLoader();

}

}

}

return instance;

}

/**

* 获取加载路径

*/

private static File[] getExtDirs() {

// 扩展类加载器加载路径

String s = System.getProperty("JAVA.ext.dirs");

}

}

/**

* The class loader used for loading from java.class.path.

* runs in a restricted security context.

*/

static class AppClassLoader extends URLClassLoader {

public static ClassLoader getAppClassLoader(final ClassLoader extcl)

throws IOException

{

// 应用类加载器加载路径

final String s = System.getProperty("java.class.path");

final File[] path = (s == null) ? new File[0] : getClassPath(s);

return AccessController.doPrivileged(

new PrivilegedAction<AppClassLoader>() {

public AppClassLoader run() {

URL[] urls =

(s == null) ? new URL[0] : pathToURLs(path);

return new AppClassLoader(urls, extcl);

}

});

}

}

4. ClassLoader 类源码解析

public abstract class ClassLoader {

protected Class<?> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve)

throws ClassNotFoundException

{

synchronized (getClassLoadingLock(name)) {

// First, check if the class has already been loaded

// 从系统缓存中获取

Class<?> c = findLoadedClass(name);

if (c == null) {

long t0 = System.nanoTime();

try {

// 委托父加载器加载

if (parent != null) {

c = parent.loadClass(name, false);

} else {

c = findBootstrapClassOrNull(name);

}

} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {

// ClassNotFoundException thrown if class not found

// from the non-null parent class loader

}

if (c == null) {

// If still not found, then invoke findClass in order

// to find the class.

long t1 = System.nanoTime();

// 自己加载,从指定路径

c = findClass(name);

// this is the defining class loader; record the stats

sun.misc.PerfCounter.getParentDelegationTime().addTime(t1 - t0);

sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClassTime().addElapsedTimeFrom(t1);

sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClasses().increment();

}

}

if (resolve) {

resolveClass(c);

}

return c;

}

}

// 自定义类加载器需要重写该方法

protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {

throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);

}

}

5. 双亲委派机制优缺点

优点:

1、保证安全性,层级关系代表优先级,也就是所有类的加载,优先给启动类加载器,这样就保证了核心类库类

2、避免类的重复加载,如果父类加载器加载过了,子类加载器就没有必要再去加载了,确保一个类的全局唯一性

缺点:

检查类是否加载的委派过程是单向的, 这个方式虽然从结构上说比较清晰,使各个 ClassLoader 的职责非常明确, 但是同时会带来一个问题, 即顶层的 ClassLoader 无法访问底层的 ClassLoader 所加载的类

通常情况下, 启动类加载器中的类为系统核心类, 包括一些重要的系统接口,而在应用类加载器中, 为应用类。 按照这种模式, 应用类访问系统类自然是没有问题, 但是系统类访问应用类就会出现问题。

二.spi 接口及线程上下文类加载器

1.spi 接口定义及线程上下文加载的作用

Java 提供了很多核心接口的定义,这些接口被称为 SPI 接口。(Service Provider Interface,SPI),允许第三方为这些接口提供实现。常见的 SPI 有 JDBC、JCE、JNDI、JAXP 和 JBI 等。

这些 SPI 的接口由 Java 核心库来提供,而这些 SPI 的实现代码则是作为 Java 应用所依赖的 jar 包被包含进类路径(CLASSPATH)里。SPI 接口中的代码经常需要加载具体的实现类。那么问题来了,SPI 的接口是 Java 核心库的一部分,是由启动类加载器 (Bootstrap Classloader) 来加载的;SPI 的实现类是由系统类加载器 (System ClassLoader) 来加载的。引导类加载器是无法找到 SPI 的实现类的,因为依照双亲委派模型,BootstrapClassloader 无法委派 AppClassLoader 来加载类。而线程上下文类加载器破坏了 “双亲委派模型”,可以在执行线程中抛弃双亲委派加载链模式,使程序可以逆向使用类加载器。

类加载传导规则:JVM 会选择当前类的类加载器来加载所有该类的引用的类。例如我们定义了 TestA 和 TestB 两个类,TestA 会引用 TestB,只要我们使用自定义的类加载器加载 TestA,那么在运行时,当 TestA 调用到 TestB 的时候,

TestB 也会被 JVM 使用 TestA 的类加载器加载。依此类推,只要是 TestA 及其引用类关联的所有 jar 包的类都会被自定义类加载器加载。通过这种方式,我们只要让模块的 mAIn 方法类使用不同的类加载器加载,那么每个模块的都会使用 main

方法类的类加载器加载的,这样就能让多个模块分别使用不同类加载器。这也是 OSGi 和 SofaArk 能够实现类隔离的核心原理。

2. spi 加载原理

当第三方实现者提供了服务接口的一种实现之后,在 jar 包的 META-INF/services/ 目录里同时创建一个以服务接口命名的文件,该文件就是实现该服务接口的实现类。而当外部程序装配这个模块的时候,就能通过该 jar 包 META-INF/services/ 里的配置文件找到具体的实现类名,并装载实例化,完成模块的注入。

JDK 官方提供了一个查找服务实现者的工具类:java.util.ServiceLoader

public final class ServiceLoader<S>

implements Iterable<S>

{

// 加载spi接口实现类配置文件固定路径

private static final String PREFIX = "META-INF/services/";

/**

* Creates a new service loader for the given service type, using the

* current thread's {@linkplain java.lang.Thread#getContextClassLoader

* context class loader}.

* <p> An invocation of this convenience method of the form

* <blockquote><pre>

* ServiceLoader.load(<i>service</i>)</pre></blockquote>

* is equivalent to

* <blockquote><pre>

* ServiceLoader.load(<i>service</i>,

* Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader())</pre></blockquote>

* @param <S> the class of the service type

* @param service

* The interface or abstract class representing the service

* @return A new service loader

*/

public static <S> ServiceLoader<S> load(Class<S> service) {

// 线程上下文类加载器

ClassLoader cl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();

return ServiceLoader.load(service, cl);

}

}

3. 示列代码

代码:

public interface IShout {

void shout();

}

public class Dog implements IShout {

@Override

public void shout() {

System.out.println("wang wang");

}

}

public class Cat implements IShout {

@Override

public void shout() {

System.out.println("miao miao");

}

}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ServiceLoader<IShout> shouts = ServiceLoader.load(IShout.class);

for (IShout s : shouts) {

s.shout();

}

}

}

配置:

Java 类加载机制详解

4.MySQL 驱动类加载

Java 类加载机制详解

// 加载Class到AppClassLoader(系统类加载器),然后注册驱动类

//Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver").newInstance();

String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/testdb";

// 通过java库获取数据库连接

Connection conn = java.sql.DriverManager.getConnection(url, "name", "password");

public class DriverManager {

static {

loadInitialDrivers();

println("JDBC DriverManager initialized");

}

private static void loadInitialDrivers() {

。。。。。。。

AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {

public Void run() {

ServiceLoader<Driver> loadedDrivers = ServiceLoader.load(Driver.class);

Iterator<Driver> driversIterator = loadedDrivers.iterator();

/* Load these drivers, so that they can be instantiated.

* It may be the case that the driver class may not be there

* i.e. there may be a packaged driver with the service class

* as implementation of java.sql.Driver but the actual class

* may be missing. In that case a java.util.ServiceConfigurati

* will be thrown at runtime by the VM trying to locate

* and load the service.

* Adding a try catch block to catch those runtime errors

* if driver not available in classpath but it's

* packaged as service and that service is there in classpath.

*/

try{

while(driversIterator.hasNext()) {

driversIterator.next();

}

} catch(Throwable t) {

// Do nothing

}

return null;

}

});

println("DriverManager.initialize: jdbc.drivers = " + drivers);

if (drivers == null || drivers.equals("")) {

return;

}

String[] driversList = drivers.split(":");

println("number of Drivers:" + driversList.length);

for (String aDriver : driversList) {

try {

println("DriverManager.Initialize: loading " + aDriver);

Class.forName(aDriver, true,

ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());

} catch (Exception ex) {

println("DriverManager.Initialize: load failed: " + ex);

}

}

}

}

三。自定义动态类加载器

1. 示例代码

public class DynamicClassLoad extends ClassLoader{

public static void main(String[] args) {

Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor().scheduleAtFixedRate(new Runnable() {

@Override

public void run() {

try {

DynamicClassLoad myClassLoad = new DynamicClassLoad();

Class clazz = myClassLoad.findClass("/Users/wangzhaoqing1/Desktop/MyTest.class");

Object obj = clazz.newInstance();

Method sayHello = clazz.getDeclaredMethod("sayHello");

sayHello.invoke(obj, null);

} catch (Throwable e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

}, 1, 2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

}

@Override

protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {

File file = new File(name);

try {

byte[] bytes = FileUtils.readFileToByteArray(file);

Class<?> c = this.defineClass(null, bytes, 0, bytes.length);

return c;

} catch (Exception e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

return super.findClass(name);

}

}

// DynamicClassLoad启动后,修改本类重新编译

public class MyTest {

public void sayHello(){

System.out.println("hello wzq 6666666666");

}

}

 

作者:京东零售 王照清
来源:京东云开发者社区 转载请注明来源
关键词:Java 类      点击(5)
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